The Impact of Technology on the Learning and Teaching of Mathematics

Introduction The processes of teaching and learning have experienced significant changes in the 21st century due to changes taking place in the society. One of the changes has been with regard to the application of technology in learning. Pierce and Ball (2009) acknowledge that teachers today have an extensive range of sophisticated technology available to them.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Impact of Technology on the Learning and Teaching of Mathematics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technologies such as Mathematics software, scientific calculators, spreadsheets, and statistical packages have become commonplace in many classrooms. This is in sharp contrast to the traditional mathematics classroom, which was dominated by pen and paper. BECTA (2003) asserts that the technology has â€Å"changed the nature of teaching and learning in maths† (p.1). The changes have been widespread due to government action through the National Curriculum. BECTA (2003) states that the National Curriculum has made the use of ICT in Mathematics a statutory requirement and all Secondary school students therefore have to make use of technology in their studies. These changes caused by the use of technology have had some profound impacts on how teachers teach the subject of mathematics and how students engage in learning. This paper will set out to critically analyze the impact that technology has had on the teaching and learning of Secondary Mathematics. ICT and Mathematics Over the last two decades, educational authorities in the country have worked hard to promote the use of ICT resources in the classroom setting. This move has been motivated by the need to improve the efficiency of teaching and learning as well as the need to ensure that students are properly prepared for their interaction with the real world. Safdar et al. (2011) rightfully observe that the major goal of the teaching-learning pr ocess is to give students with skills that will help them earn livelihoods in future and become useful society members. It is therefore important for the education offered to conform to the development and innovations of the time. Mathematics is one of the subjects that have experienced significant interaction with technology. This interaction has led to a number of impacts on learning and teaching of mathematics. Impact on Teaching Positive Impacts Use of technology serves as a motivation for teachers due to the positive outcomes achieved. Technology leads to teaching that is more effective and this leads to better performance for the students. Teachers are therefore motivated in their work due to these good results. Some research on the attitude of teachers to teaching with technology found that most experienced teachers, with strong mathematics backgrounds were at first half-hearted about teaching with technology (Pierce Ball 2009).Advertising Looking for report on educatio n? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This lack of enthusiasm for technology was the result of an assumption that using technology would not enhance student learning. However, this lack of enthusiasm is only temporal in nature. Research indicates that while some teachers might express their reservations to using technology for teaching mathematics at first, these reservations do not last (Mkomange et al. 2012). As the students demonstrate good outcomes, a change occurs in teacher’s believes and attitudes. This leads to changes in teacher practice to incorporate technology in teaching the subject. Technology fosters the development of a culture of effective teaching by teachers. When using technology, teachers are encouraged to broaden curriculum objectives, make use of more problem solving examples and utilize an inquiry-based approach to learning (Jurdak 2004). The speed of doing calculations using technology also frees up tim e for deeper learning. A study by Safdar et al. (2011) on the effectiveness of teaching mathematics through technology as compared to using traditional teaching methods found that teaching mathematics with technology led to better academic achievements by the students. This suggests that technology use as a teaching strategy in mathematics leads to more effective teaching leading to an enhancement of students’ academic achievements. Teaching mathematics with technology enhances the teacher’s ability to teach students about problem solving. Technology assists teachers in the construction of realistic complex problems in the class setting. These problems are modelled after real world problems that the student might encounter in real life. By this means, mathematics uses problem solving to create contexts that simulate real life. Problem solving is an integral part of all mathematics learning and teachers are required to help students develop the skills needed to solve pr oblems through the subject of mathematics (Mkomange et al. 2012). Technology has been used to help cope with some of the â€Å"hard to teach† aspects of secondary mathematics. Students are wary of some mathematical topics such as geometry and trigonometry. In the traditional classrooms, teachers were often unable to make use of appropriate tools to simply the topic and foster student understanding.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Impact of Technology on the Learning and Teaching of Mathematics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technology enables teachers to make use of learning aids that are designed to exploit the student’s visualization and modelling power to solve problems. Software applications such as Computer-Aided Design assist teachers to come up with simplified and interesting ways of teaching these hard topics in mathematics. For example, some powerful 3D applications make it possible to manipulate solid geometrical figures such as cones and cubes therefore fostering understanding by the student. By use of such ICT tools, students will find it easier to comprehend the subject matter and they will be inspired to learn. Teachers on the other hand will be inspired by the positive outcomes from the students. Teaching mathematics with technology gives the teacher more tools with which to offer instructions to the students. A critical role of the teacher is to explain different concepts to the students and ensure that they understand the material being presented. Unlike in the traditional setting where the teacher was confined to relying on drawings and handmade models, technology offers a wider variety of teaching aids. Jurdak (2004) states that technology enables teachers to make use of simulations to better elaborate certain mathematical concepts. The ability of the teacher to explain mathematical concepts is facilitated by technology. BECTA (2004) confirms that th is technology contributes to the effectiveness of teaching by offering ways through which the teacher can model abstract ideas and concepts. Negative Impacts Using technology might reduce the control that the teacher has in the class setting. This might lead to the belief that technology is detrimental to the learning process. In the traditional method of teaching, the teacher was at the centre of the learning process. He/she exercised control in the class and tightly directed classroom discussion and student activity. Technology takes away this control and significantly changes the classroom practice. Pierce and Ball (2009) demonstrate that use of technology promotes a ‘student-centred’ model of learning where the individual student is able to explore the mathematical topic being studied using technology.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When students have too much control, the teacher might perceive that his/her teaching efforts are hindered by technology. The beliefs and attitude of the teacher are importantly linked to his/her classroom practice. A belief by the teacher that teaching mathematics with technology is detrimental will lead to classroom practices that do not promote technology. The use of technology in teaching mathematics requires major changes to teaching practices. In most cases, the teacher will be required to adopt new teaching methods in order to exploit the technology resources available. Teaching mathematics with technology necessitates a significant change in the operation of teachers who have been teaching the subject using traditional methods, and who were themselves taught in traditional mathematics classrooms. Mkomange et al. (2012) reveal that teachers are likely to teach mathematics in the same way they are taught. Since majority of the experienced teachers were taught in the traditiona l classroom that did not make use of technology, they are therefore inclined to use the same methods for their students. The additional effort required to familiarize themselves with teaching mathematics with technology might dissuade most teachers from adopting a favourable outlook to technology since this will require additional effort. The increased workload for the teacher as he/she learns how to use the new technology is best articulated by Fuglestad (2011) who declares that familiarization with technology implies â€Å"not just learning to handle the computer with software and other digital tools, but relating the technology to the other knowledge areas† (p.3). Teaching efficiency for some teachers will reduce as they learn how to incorporate technology in their teaching practice. Teaching requires the teacher to demonstrate a deep level of understanding on the subject. When using technology, the teacher should have an in-depth knowledge of the digital tools to be used and demonstrate proficiency in using them. Ball et al. (2008) asserts that the teacher must know enough to enable him/her to guide the students as they use the technology to come up with solutions to the mathematical problems. Impact on Learning Positive Impacts Technology enhances learning in students by promoting interaction between students. BECTA (2003) reveal that through technology it is easier for students to share their findings and engage in discussions on various topics. An important concept is that technology encouraged interaction between students even when there was no supervision from the teachers. Effective use of collaboration to solve problems is one of the important lessons that educators hope to impart on students through their education since collaboration plays a crucial role in most work environments. The educational experience of the student is therefore enriched by the use of technology when ideas such as collaboration are emphasized upon. Technology encourag es students to take part in trial and error processes as they learn. In the traditional method where students utilize pencil and paper, students are pressured to get the answer right in the first trial. If they do not know how to go about achieving this, they are unlikely to experiment since the traditional method is time consuming and labour intensive. Using technology, students are provided with the means to compute mathematical problems in a speedy manner. Fuglestad (2011) demonstrates that as a result, technology encourages students to engage in trial and error to arrive at a solution to the question. When the student fails to get the right answer at the fist try, he can easily start over again until the correct answer is reached. As such, technology drives students to exercise independence in their search for answers. This increases self-efficacy, a quality that is desirable in students. Use of technology increases the interest that students have in the subject. Most applicatio ns are designed in such a manner that they appeal to the student through diverse presentation styles and engaging format. The student’s interest in learning is therefore triggered and maintained. Increase in interest is a desired quality since it leads to higher levels of understanding. When teachers make use of interactive whiteboards, they are able to present material in a lively and engaging way. BECTA (2004) states that active engagement is encouraged when whiteboards are used since these tools increase enjoyment of the learning process for the student. This engagement is associated with gains in motivation and this leads to good performance. Better learning outcomes are therefore promoted by the use of technology in Mathematics since the students’ learning experience is made enjoyable. Students make use of portable equipment such as laptops and PDAs in their learning. They are therefore able to carry their class work with them even outside the class environment. T echnology therefore makes it possible for the student to take part in continual knowledge construction as they use their portable equipment outside the class setting (Niess 2005). Student understanding of mathematical concepts is therefore enhanced since they interact with the subject even outside class. Technology assists in the development of a positive attitude to learning mathematics. Most Secondary school students perceive mathematics to be one of the more challenging subjects. They therefore have a negative outlook concerning the subject and this contributes to the poor results especially among lower achieving students. Use of ICT devices in the class leads to the development of a more positive outlook. Pierce and Ball (2009) state that most students demonstrate an improved attitude to learning mathematics when they are given the opportunity to work with technology. This is partly because of the personal pleasure that student derive from using computers. Technology fosters dee per understanding of mathematical concepts and rules. Students using calculators and computers are able to work at higher levels of generalization and abstraction. Research indicates that by use of technology, students are able to learn more mathematics more deeply. A key characteristic of technology is that it saves the student from having to engage in the time involving manual labour of computations (Jeng et al. 2010). In tasks such as drawing graphs, the student only needs to enter the correct data and the computer program will generate the graph. The student is therefore left with more time to engage in more important parts of learning mathematics such as analysing the computations made in a particular problem. Negative Impacts Technology might discourage learning in some students. While some students are encouraged to from a positive attitude to mathematics through technology, others are discouraged by the same. Research indicates that female secondary students are likely to de velop negative attitudes when exposed to computer-based mathematics (Pierce Ball 2009). These negative outcomes are prompted by the significantly lower confidence in female students about using technology. Use of technology can be detrimental to the learning process due to the high level of autonomy that students might have. In using technology, students might have to concentrate on their mobile devices or computers unlike in the traditional setting where all the attention would be focused on the teacher. When using their individual devices, it can be hard for the teacher to monitor student activity. Safdar et al. (2011) assert that this might lead to significant problems as students might deviate from the current lesson. Without following the guidance of the teacher the student’s performance in the subject will suffer. Discussion Technology is becoming more prevalent in our society today. In can be expected that technology will be incorporated in teaching and learning mathe matics even more extensively in the coming years. Teachers need to be adequately prepared for the transition from a traditional mathematics classroom to one where technology is used as a core part of the teaching process. Jurdak (2004) notes that even with the most sophisticated technology in place, significant enhancement in teaching and learning cannot be realized if teachers are not adequately trained to utilize the technology for teaching purposes. The school administration can assist in providing additional training opportunities for teachers to enable them to learn how to utilize the technology in an effective manner. Conclusion This paper set out to assess the impacts of teaching mathematics with technology. The paper has revealed that use of technology improves students’ learning and leads to better results in mathematics. Through this paper, it is clear that use of technology supports students in their appreciation of mathematics and fosters a deeper mathematical und erstanding. The effectiveness of teacher is increased when they make use of technology. The paper has acknowledged that technology has some notable negative effects on the teaching and learning of mathematics. However, these negative impacts can be overcome by improving the teachers’ proficiency in technology and ensuring that students are properly supervised as they interact with technology. References Ball, DL, Thames, M Phelps, G 2008, ‘Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special?’, Journal of teacher education, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 389-407. BECTA 2003, What the Research says about using ICT in Maths, Department for Education and Skills, Norwich. BECTA 2004, Embedding ICT at Secondary: Use of interactive whiteboards in mathematics, Department for Education and Skills, Norwich. Fuglestad, B 2011, Challenges Teachers Face With Integrating ICT With An Inquiry Approach in Mathematics, http://www.cerme7.univ.rzeszow.pl/WG/15a/CERME7-WG15A-Paper02_Fuglesta d.pdf. Jeng, Y, Wu, T, Huang, YM, Tan, Q Yang, S 2010, ‘The Add-on Impact of Mobile Applications in Learning Strategies: A Review Study’, Educational Technology Society, vol. 13, no.3, pp.3–11. Jurdak, M 2004, Technology and Problem Solving in Mathematics: Myths and Reality. Proceedings of the International Conference on Technology in Mathematics Education, Lebanon. Mkomange, C, Bahati, I Ajagbe, M 2012, ‘The Roles and Importance of Technology in Mathematics Teaching and Learning-A Literature Review’, IJCRB, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 476-486. Niess, ML 2005, ‘Scaffolding Math Learning with Spreadsheets’, Learning and Leading with Technology, vol. 32, no. 5, pp.24-48. Pierce, R Ball, L 2009, ‘Perceptions that may affect teachers’ intention to use technology in secondary mathematics classes’, Educational Studies in Mathematics, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 299–317. Safdar, A, Yousuf, M, Parveen, Q Malik, G 2011, ‘Eff ectiveness of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Teaching Mathematics at Secondary Level’, International Journal of Academic Research, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 67-72. This report on The Impact of Technology on the Learning and Teaching of Mathematics was written and submitted by user Skyler Miles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hello Essays

Hello Essays Hello Essay Hello Essay Discussion: Based on the TLC results that were obtained through the experiment, the benzocaine seems to be relatively pure. There was only one spot in the benzocaine lane and one spot in the p-aminobenzoic acid lane, while there were two spots in the lane with both chemicals. The benzocaine had an Rf value of 0. 40 and the p-aminobenzoic acid had an Rf value of 0. 21. These results show that there is no evidence for the presence of p-aminobenzoic acid in the reaction product. The percent yield that we obtained for the benzocaine was relatively low. The theoretical yield for our product was 1. grams but we collected only 0. 612 grams of product. At only 43. 70%, less than half of the theoretical yield was obtained. This low to average percent yield could have been caused by not getting all of the product from the reaction flask into the vacuum filtration apparatus. Also, some product was probably lost from checking the pH of the solution multiple times while ad ding the Na2CO3. The melting range that we obtained for the benzocaine was 88. 7-89. 9 degrees Celsius. This melting range tells us that the benzocaine could be quite pure because there is only a 1. 2 degree differential between the temperatures. This experimental melting point is also spot on with the known melting point of 89. 7 degrees Celsius. This tells us that our product was indeed very pure and contained very few impurities. The IR spectrum for the p-aminobenzoic acid does not contain a CH3 peak at 1375nm or a CH2 peak at 1450nm. The benzocaine spectrum does contain these peak though. The p-aminobenzoic acid spectrum does contain a carboxylic acid peak while the benzocaine spectrum does not. These differences in the spectrums show that the benzocaine is quite pure and doesnt contain any p-aminobenzoic acid.

Career Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Ph conductivity lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Network Security through the protocol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Hip Hop, Music and Fashion

Hip Hop, Music and Fashion Hip hop is a musical genre which developed alongside hip hop culture, defined by key stylistic elements such as rapping, DJing, sampling, scratching and beatboxing. Hip hop began in the Bronx in New York City in the 1970s, primarily among African Americans and Jamaican Americans, with some Latino influences. The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop denotes the practices of an entire subculture. Rapping, also referred to as MCing or emceeing, is a vocal style in which the artist speaks lyrically, in rhyme and verse, generally to an instrumental or synthesized beat. Beats, almost always in 4/4 time signature, can be created by looping portions of other songs, usually by a DJ, or sampled from portions of other songs by a producer. Modern beats incorporate synthesizers, drum machines, and live bands. Rappers may write, memorize, or improvise their lyrics and perform their works a cappella or to a beat. Roots of hip hop/history Hip-hop originated at Bronx located in New York City, by a Jamaican DJ, Clive Campbell also known as Kool Herc who was born in 1955 at Kingston, Jamaica Jamaican born DJ Clive Kool Herc Campbell is credited as being highly influential in the pioneering stage of hip hop music, in the Bronx, after moving to New York at the age of thirteen. Herc created the blueprint for hip hop music and culture by building upon the Jamaican tradition of toasting or boasting impromptu poetry and sayings over music which he witnessed as a youth in Jamaica. Herc and other DJs would tap into the power lines to connect their equipment and perform at venues such as public basketball courts and at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Bronx, New York, a historic building where hip hop was born.Their equipment was composed of numerous speakers, turntables, and one or more microphones.[17] In late 1979, Debbie Harry of Blondie took Nile Rodgers of Chic to such an event, as the main backing track used was the break from Chics Good Times. Herc, along with Grandmaster Flash was also the developer of break-beat deejaying, where the breaks of funk songs-the part most suited to dance, usually percussion-based-were isolated and repeated for the purpose of all-night dance parties. This breakbeat DJing, using hard funk, rock, and records with Latin percussion, formed the basis of hip hop music. Campbells announcements and exhortations to dancers would lead to the syncopated, rhymed spoken accompaniment now known as rapping. He dubbed his dancers break-boys and break-girls, or simply b-boys and b-girls. According to Herc, breaking was also street slang for getting excited and acting energetically. Hercs terms b-boy, b-girl and breaking became part of the lexicon of hip hop culture, before that culture itself had developed a name Later DJs such as Grand Wizard Theodore, Grandmaster Flash and Jazzy Jay refined and developed the use of breakbeats, including cutting and scratching. The approach used by Herc was soon widely copied, and by the late 1970s DJs were releasing 12 records where they would rap to the beat. Popular tunes included Kurtis Blows The Breaks, and The Sugar Hill Gangs Rappers Delight. Emceeing is the rhythmic spoken delivery of rhymes and wordplay, delivered over a beat or without accompaniment. Rapping is derived from the griots (folk poets) of West Africa, and Jamaican-style toasting. Rap developed both inside and outside of hip hop culture, and began with the street parties thrown in the Bronx neighborhood of New York in the 1970s by Kool Herc and others. It originated as MCs would talk over the music to promote their DJ, promote other dance parties, take light-hearted jabs at other lyricists, or talk about problems in their areas and issues facing the community as a whole. Melle Mel, a rapper/lyricist with The Furious Five, is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an MC. In the late 1970s an underground urban movement known as hip-hop began to develop in the South Bronx area of New York City. Encompassing graffiti art, break dancing, rap music, and fashion, hip-hop became the dominant cultural movement of the African American and Hispanic communities in the 1980s. Tagging, rapping, and break dancing were all artistic variations on the male competition and one-upmanship of street gangs. Sensing that gang members often violent urges could be turned into creative ones, Afrika Bambaataa founded the Zulu Nation, a loose confederation of street-dance crews, graffiti artists, and rap musicians. By the late 1970s, the culture had gained media attention, with Billboard magazine printing an article titled B Beats Bombarding Bronx, commenting on the local phenomenon and mentioning influential figures such as Kool Herc. Hip hop as a culture was further defined in 1982, when Afrika Bambaataa and the Soulsonic Force released the seminal electro-funk track Planet Rock. Instead of simply rapping over disco beats, Bambaataa created an electronic sound, taking advantage of the rapidly improving drum machine, synthesizer technology as well as sampling from Kraftwerk. The appearance of music videos changed entertainment: they often glorified urban neighborhoods. The music video for Planet Rock showcased the subculture of hip hop musicians, graffiti artists, and b-boys/b-girls. Many hip hop-related films were released between 1982 and 1985, among them Wild Style, Beat Street, Krush Groove, Breakin, and the documentary Style Wars. These films expanded the appeal of hip hop beyond the boundaries of New York. By 1985, youth worldwide were embracing the hip hop culture. The hip hop artwork and slang of US urban communities quickly found its way to Europe and Asia, as the cultures global appeal took root. The 1980s also saw many artists make social statements through hip hop. In 1982, Melle Mel and Duke Bootee recorded The Message (officially credited to Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five), a song that foreshadowed the socially conscious statements of Run-DMCs Its like That and Public Enemys Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos. During the 1980s, hip hop also embraced the creation of rhythm by using the human body, via the vocal percussion technique of beatboxing. Pioneers such as Doug E. Fresh, Biz Markie and Buffy from the Fat Boys made beats, rhythm, and musical sounds using their mouth, lips, tongue, voice, and other body parts. Human Beatbox artists would also sing or imitate turntablism scratching or other instrument sounds. Definition of hip hop Hip-hop is a modern culture consisting of music, fashion, and art. The first people who made this music genre are the African Americans. Keith Cowboy, a rapper with Grandmaster Flash and Furious Five, made the term hip-hop. He was singing the words, Hip hop hip hop,when he was teasing a friend who had just joined the US Army. Hip-hop began to be popular all over the world. The four fundamental elements in hip-hop: hip-hop dance, hip-hop art, hip-hop music, and hip-hop fashion. Hip-hop dance includes break dancing and interesting forms of street dance. Hip-hop art includes urban inspiredart and graffiti. Hip-hop music includes Dj-ing, beatboxing, rapping, and hip-hop production. Rapping includes MC-ing and urban-inspired poetry. The Influence of Hip-Hop Around the World Hip-hops influence has become worldwide. This kind of music has been both a negative and positive influence to the young people. Some students in schools have violated the dress code by wearing hip-hop fashion, such as baggy pants, tank tops, and many other clothes. Some songs contain harsh language and violence-related themes. Those were some examples of how hip-hop can be a negative influence, but there are many positive sides to it too. Hip-hop culture represented the African-Americans freedom and culture. Many young African-Americans want to stop gang wars and put hip-hop music into a positive side. Hip-hop and rap is the most popular music genre in the United States; it had made more than 10 percent of the $12.3 billion music sales in 1998. This music genre replaces another popular genre called rock and roll. Rap musics share of sales increased over 150% over the last ten years and is still increasing. Also,breakdancing, a type of street dancing, is part of the hip-hop movement. It combines a series of toprock, downrock, power moves, and a freeze or suicide ending. This form of hip-hop dance has become a common dance amongst everybody. In fact, it has encouraged gang violence to decrease. Hip-Hop Fashion After the 1970s, hip-hop fashion has evolved into another different style. Today, it is a popular style of fashion for teenagers all over the world. Hip-hop fashion now includes large glasses (stunnershades), Kangol hats, brightly colored designer tracksuits, multi-fingered rings, oversized gold door-knocker earrings, and custom sneakers, also known by brand-names such a Nikes or Jordans. Many elements of this fashion style were worn by famous hip-hop singers. These hip-hop stars are adored by their thousands of worshiping fans, who follow their style of clothing, wanting to be like them. That is why this fashion style is popularly recognized. The in accessories to wear in the style are gold necklaces, bling-bling, huge watches, grillz (no, not the barbeque grills; the grills we are talking about are gemmed, flashy oral pieces covering your teeth), and pendants or earrings filled with sparkly diamonds or anything that shines (the bling-blings). Hairstyles very much mattered in the early-1980s; singers put their hair either in curly or messy knots atop their heads. Some people thought they were crazy, but decades ago, this was the style that everyone craved. They also tied it straight into ponytails or pigtails to get a fresh look. Hip-hop today is mostly the wearing of baggy pants and black ink tattoos. Hooded sweaters were very famous for this style; gold teeth were also in in the late 80s. For hats, hip-hop trend followers would either wear baseball caps or famous leather hats. Hip-hop fashion really matters for most adolescnets, and is the new trend today. Some brands that produce hip-hop clothing are G-Unit, Anchor Blue, d.e.m.o., Tillys, Iced Out Gear, Tommy Hilfiger, Phat Farm, Roca Wear, Ecko, Baby Phat, Dickies, Akedemiks, and many more. Hip-Hop Music + Dance Hip-hop music was popularly known as rap music. Hip-hop existed in the United States during the mid-1970s. Hip-hop dance was known as breakdancing, it is a very popular street dance for teenagers that influences people to watch them. Performed by a DJ, the beat, is a count as a rhythm for the music. Hip-hop is followed by the rhythms of RB, disco, and funk. Hip-hop has a little bit of slang, which inlcudes words that have a special meaning, although the word itself can be grammatically incorrect and doesnt make sense; slang words are often used in hip-hop songs. In the late 90s and early 21st century, these words have been used into many different songs across America and globally.

Discrimination in America Essay -- Racial Discrimination

According to research that has been conducted by The Indiana Civil Right Commission (2012) between October 2010 and October 2011, 58% of participants experienced some sort of discrimination. Discrimination can be defined as treating people differently, negatively or adversely without having a good reason. It is an act making distinction in favor of or against a person based on their group, class or category. There are four major types of discrimination which are gender discrimination, racial and ethnic discrimination, age discrimination and disability discrimination. The first type of discrimination is gender discrimination. Gender discrimination involves treating someone unfavourably because of the person’s particular gender. There are three categories of gender which are female, male and transgender. A bad practice of discriminating against female can be seen in most developing countries. In almost all parts of the world, men are more likely to have a paid job. Whereas, women are less likely to be out in the public than men, and when they are, have fewer resources to earn incomes Connell (2009). Female constructed to do another form of work namely unpaid domestic and care work. For instance, women do most of the cleaning, cooking and other household chores. On the other hand, male often face discrimination because of their gender appearance. Male looks stronger, tougher and masculine which make community thought that some work field is not suitable for their gender and may result unfair in employment opportunities. Such as, nursing schools often rejects male applicants because of their masculine appearance which not posses gentle attitudes like women do since nursing schools prefer patience and caring employees. Meanwhi... ...Short Introductions Series. Cambridge: Polity. Department of Fair Employment and Housing. (n.d) Employment discrimination and Harassment. Retrieved from http://www.dfeh.ca.gov/res/docs/Publications/DFEH-184.pdf Disability Discrimination Act. (1995). Guidance on Matters to be Taken into Account in Determining Question Relating to The Definition of Disability. Retrieved from http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/guidance_on_matters_to_be_taken_into_account_in_determining_questions_relating_to_the_definition_of_disability.pdf Indiana Civil Rights Commission. (9 March, 2012). In Indiana Governor. Retrieved from http://www.in.gov/icrc/files/Discrimination_Indiana_Results_Survey_Feb2012.pdf National Association of School Psychologists.(2010). In Position Statement. Retrieved from http://www.nasponline.org/about_nasp/positionpapers/RacismPrejudice.pdf

Nosocomial Infections

Remember your mother always reminding you to wash your hands? We have all been told to do so at one point in our lives or another. As children we grudgingly obeyed, not really appreciating the wisdom and love behind the statement. For most of us, the value of hand hygiene is superficial; a means to clean soiled, unsightly hands. We were not aware that washing our hands regularly was a primary defense against many types of diseases.As a child it was imposed upon us by our parents, but as we grew older, we realize its true value but no longer practice it on a regular basis, finding it inconvenient and a waste of time. The truth is that hand hygiene is one of our best defenses against diseases. The simple act of washing and rubbing our hands vigorously with soap and running water is an effective shield against bacteria-borne infections. And this is especially true for health care professionals who are exposed to bacteria on a regular basis.People go to hospitals and other healthcare ins titutions for medical attention and treatment of their ailments. However, while most people get well after a trip to the hospital, there are cases where people get worse because of exposure to harmful microorganisms that abound in these hospitals. In hospitals, bacteria proliferate because of the high concentration of ill people at one place at any one given time, and they can cause secondary infections to people going to the hospital. These types of infections are caught secondary to a hospital visit or stay, and are called nosocomial infections.The Center for Disease Control (CDC) defined nosocomial infections or healthcare-acquired infections as â€Å"infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment.† (Boyce, 2002, 29) And because these patients did not initially harbor these nosocomial infections, they could only have been acquired while in the hospital, while in contact with doctors and nurses who go from one sick patient to another. These health care professionals become the main mode of transmission for nosocomial infections, and this is made even worse especially if doctors and nurses do not practice proper hand hygiene.It does not take a rocket scientist to figure it out. In hospitals, most patients are bed-ridden, not allowed to go from one place to another. Therefore, the risk of them directly infecting another patient is slim. Only doctors and nurses move about from one patient to another, in constant physical contact with the patients. Because the hands are their main point of contact, the hands become the main vehicle of microbes as well. They â€Å"stick† to the doctors and nurses hands, and remain there until they are â€Å"dropped off† somewhere else.This process goes on and on until the bacteria find a suitable host, which is almost always, the human body. Inside the human body, these microbes will colonize and proliferate, causing many types of health problems. These transient, disease causing ba cteria use the skin as temporary vehicles to get from one point to another. However, because these microbes are transient and non-colonizing on the skin surface, they are easily removed by proper and rigorous hand washing with an anti-microbial soap and water. Therefore, proper hand washing can halt the spread of disease-causing bacteria in their tracks. If doctors and nurses fail to clean their hands, they become virtual havens for microbes, transmitting and causing nosocomial infections.The figures are alarming. Studies have shown that one out of every 20 patients contract nosocomial infections because of inadequate hygiene practices in most American hospitals. These nosocomial infections â€Å"kill an estimated 103,000 people in the United States a year, as many as AIDS, breast cancer and auto accidents combined.† (McCaughey, 2005, 1) The World Health Organization says that nosocomial or healthcare acquired infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortalit y rates worldwide. (Ducel, 2002, 7) And all of this because of dirty hands. And all of these deaths and suffering are unnecessary. They can be easily remedied. If every healthcare worker would faithfully practice proper hand hygiene as they move from one patient to another, â€Å"there would be an immediate and profound reduction in the spread of resistant bacteria.†(Goldmann, 2006, 122)From every point of contact with patients, the hands of doctors and nurses are dirty, carrying infection-causing microbes; and as doctors and nurses attend to their patients’ needs, these bacteria move into the patients. While most of these bacteria can normally be fought off by the body, the compromised bodies of patients already weakened by an existing sickness become easy targets for these parasites, and nosocomial infections can easily set in. And because these infections attack a weak immune system, these can lead to more serious complications and even death.As the main vectors of nosocomial infections, doctors and nurses can prevent the spread through appropriate hand-sanitizing procedures. Hand hygiene is the single most important patient care practice that health care providers can do to prevent cross contamination and nosocomial infection. Some may say that hand hygiene is made redundant by wearing of antiseptic gloves on a regular basis. However, even if doctors and nurses wear gloves, it will also be contaminated if the hands are not clean in the first place. These gloves must be worn and removed using the hands, and so the cycle of contamination perpetuates itself in the hands of doctors and nurses with dirty hands.The premise of hand washing is very simple and very effective. Microbes are parasites. They depend on a host to live and reproduce themselves. However, bacteria are not mobile; they do have the means to move from one place to another. As such, they depend on outside help to move about and find new hosts to infect. This help comes in the form of doctors and nurse, who because of their many responsibilities, forget to clean their hands, or do so incorrectly. The anti-microbial property of soaps plus the rigorous friction of the rubbing of the hands can easily remove, weaken, or even kill these transient, infection-causing microbes before they can cause anyone any more harm. As such, a system-wide must be enforced, making proper hand hygiene mandatory for all doctors and nurses. Hand hygiene stations must be installed all over hospitals to make it easy for healthcare workers to clean their hands anytime.Indeed nosocomial infections can exact a high price. But what is even more unfortunate about nosocomial infections is the fact that it can be avoided. These healthcare associated infections are unnecessary tragedies that can be easily prevented with proper sanitation and hygiene procedures.Of course it is important to note that hand hygiene or hand washing is not enough. It must be done properly, following certain guidelin es. It is not enough to clean the hands; they must be disinfected. Normal or ordinary hand washing is the same as no hand hygiene at all. This means that hand washing must be done right, or not at all because it does not make any difference to harmful microbes or the health of the patients. Hand hygiene depends on the case and the area of the hospital involved. Normal hand hygiene should be done for at least a minute, with vigorous rubbing of the two hands against each other. Plain soap has been proven to effective against microorganism because the soap lifts the microbes off the surface of the skin to be rinsed off by running water.Hand hygiene need not be complicated or costly. All it takes is soap, running water, and friction, and the discipline to do it regularly and properly. The key is to make it a habit. There is no dearth of evidence showing that hand washing is effective in halting the spread of infections; the problem is that very few people in the health care industry pra ctice hand hygiene in compliance with regulations. Most wash their hands but do so inappropriately, which is useless in itself.While stopping the spread of nosocomial infections is complex, there is no denying the fact that the first line of defense against nosocomial infections is hand hygiene for nurses and doctors. Simple adherence to proper cleaning/disinfecting procedures is all that is needed to prevent needless infections from spreading any further and causing more harm. It is simply a matter of discipline.First do no harm†¦ that is the adage that all health workers swear by. It is ironic that nurses and doctors should also be the main vectors of nosocomial infections. These nosocomial infections are the shame of the healthcare system because it can be prevented with faithful compliance to proper hygiene procedures. The solution lies literally in our hands. If we don’t clean our hands, then it is dirty with the needless suffering and death of patients from nosocom ial infections. Our dirty hands are guilty hands.Works CitedGoldmann, Donald. â€Å"System Failure Versus Personal Accoutability–The Case for Clean Hands. New England Journal of Medicine. 355:121-3. 13 July 2006. 22 May 2007. https://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/355/2/121.pdfCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs).  Ã‚   Retrieved March 17, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/healthDis.htmlDucel, G., et al., eds. Prevention of Hospital Acquired Infections-A Practical Guide. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2002. 21 May 2007.   http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/whocdscsreph200212.pdfGorman, Christine. â€Å"Wash Those Hands† How doctors and nurses can make you sick — and what you can do about it. TIME. 163. 1. 29 March 2004: Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomas Gale. Pasco-Hernando Community College Lib., New Port Richey, FL. 23 May 2007. http://www.time.com/time/magazi ne/article/0,9171,993710,00.htmlâ€Å"Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings† Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. 51. 25. Oct. 2002: 1-44. Boyce, John and Diddier, Pittet. Het.comps Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR. Retrieved on 23 May 2007.   http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5116a1.htmMcCaughey, Betsy. â€Å"Coming Clean. (Editorial Desk) (Hospital Hygiene and Infections).† The New York Times. 6 June 2005: Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomas Gale. Pasco-Hernando Community College Lib., New Port Richey, FL. 23 May 2007. http://hospitalinfection.org/press/060505ny_times.pdf Nosocomial Infections Remember your mother always reminding you to wash your hands? We have all been told to do so at one point in our lives or another. As children we grudgingly obeyed, not really appreciating the wisdom and love behind the statement. For most of us, the value of hand hygiene is superficial; a means to clean soiled, unsightly hands. We were not aware that washing our hands regularly was a primary defense against many types of diseases. As a child it was imposed upon us by our parents, but as we grew older, we realize its true value but no longer practice it on a regular basis, finding it inconvenient and a waste of time.The truth is that hand hygiene is one of our best defenses against diseases. The simple act of washing and rubbing our hands vigorously with soap and running water is an effective shield against bacteria-borne infections. And this is especially true for health care professionals who are exposed to bacteria on a regular basis.People go to hospitals and other healthcare ins titutions for medical attention and treatment of their ailments. However, while most people get well after a trip to the hospital, there are cases where people get worse because of exposure to harmful microorganisms that abound in these hospitals. In hospitals, bacteria proliferate because of the high concentration of ill people at one place at any one given time, and they can cause secondary infections to people going to the hospital.These types of infections are caught secondary to a hospital visit or stay, and are called nosocomial infections. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) defined nosocomial infections or healthcare-acquired infections as â€Å"infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment.† (Boyce, 2002, 29) And because these patients did not initially harbor these nosocomial infections, they could only have been acquired while in the hospital, while in contact with doctors and nurses who go from one sick patient to another. These health care professionals become the main mode of transmission for nosocomial infections, and this is made even worse especially if doctors and nurses do not practice proper hand hygiene.It does not take a rocket scientist to figure it out. In hospitals, most patients are bed-ridden, not allowed to go from one place to another. Therefore, the risk of them directly infecting another patient is slim. Only doctors and nurses move about from one patient to another, in constant physical contact with the patients. Because the hands are their main point of contact, the hands become the main vehicle of microbes as well. They â€Å"stick† to the doctors and nurses hands, and remain there until they are â€Å"dropped off† somewhere else. This process goes on and on until the bacteria find a suitable host, which is almost always, the human body. Inside the human body, these microbes will colonize and proliferate, causing many types of health problems.These transient, disease causing ba cteria use the skin as temporary vehicles to get from one point to another. However, because these microbes are transient and non-colonizing on the skin surface, they are easily removed by proper and rigorous hand washing with an anti-microbial soap and water. Therefore, proper hand washing can halt the spread of disease-causing bacteria in their tracks. If doctors and nurses fail to clean their hands, they become virtual havens for microbes, transmitting and causing nosocomial infections.The figures are alarming. Studies have shown that one out of every 20 patients contract nosocomial infections because of inadequate hygiene practices in most American hospitals. These nosocomial infections â€Å"kill an estimated 103,000 people in the United States a year, as many as AIDS, breast cancer and auto accidents combined.† (McCaughey, 2005, 1) The World Health Organization says that nosocomial or healthcare acquired infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortalit y rates worldwide. (Ducel, 2002, 7) And all of this because of dirty hands. And all of these deaths and suffering are unnecessary. They can be easily remedied. If every healthcare worker would faithfully practice proper hand hygiene as they move from one patient to another, â€Å"there would be an immediate and profound reduction in the spread of resistant bacteria.†(Goldmann, 2006, 122)From every point of contact with patients, the hands of doctors and nurses are dirty, carrying infection-causing microbes; and as doctors and nurses attend to their patients’ needs, these bacteria move into the patients. While most of these bacteria can normally be fought off by the body, the compromised bodies of patients already weakened by an existing sickness become easy targets for these parasites, and nosocomial infections can easily set in. And because these infections attack a weak immune system, these can lead to more serious complications and even death.As the main vectors of nosocomial infections, doctors and nurses can prevent the spread through appropriate hand-sanitizing procedures. Hand hygiene is the single most important patient care practice that health care providers can do to prevent cross contamination and nosocomial infection. Some may say that hand hygiene is made redundant by wearing of antiseptic gloves on a regular basis. However, even if doctors and nurses wear gloves, it will also be contaminated if the hands are not clean in the first place. These gloves must be worn and removed using the hands, and so the cycle of contamination perpetuates itself in the hands of doctors and nurses with dirty hands.The premise of hand washing is very simple and very effective. Microbes are parasites. They depend on a host to live and reproduce themselves. However, bacteria are not mobile; they do have the means to move from one place to another. As such, they depend on outside help to move about and find new hosts to infect. This help comes in the form of doctors and nurse, who because of their many responsibilities, forget to clean their hands, or do so incorrectly. The anti-microbial property of soaps plus the rigorous friction of the rubbing of the hands can easily remove, weaken, or even kill these transient, infection-causing microbes before they can cause anyone any more harm. As such, a system-wide must be enforced, making proper hand hygiene mandatory for all doctors and nurses. Hand hygiene stations must be installed all over hospitals to make it easy for healthcare workers to clean their hands anytime.Indeed nosocomial infections can exact a high price. But what is even more unfortunate about nosocomial infections is the fact that it can be avoided. These healthcare associated infections are unnecessary tragedies that can be easily prevented with proper sanitation and hygiene procedures.Of course it is important to note that hand hygiene or hand washing is not enough. It must be done properly, following certain guidelin es. It is not enough to clean the hands; they must be disinfected. Normal or ordinary hand washing is the same as no hand hygiene at all. This means that hand washing must be done right, or not at all because it does not make any difference to harmful microbes or the health of the patients. Hand hygiene depends on the case and the area of the hospital involved. Normal hand hygiene should be done for at least a minute, with vigorous rubbing of the two hands against each other. Plain soap has been proven to effective against microorganism because the soap lifts the microbes off the surface of the skin to be rinsed off by running water.Hand hygiene need not be complicated or costly. All it takes is soap, running water, and friction, and the discipline to do it regularly and properly. The key is to make it a habit. There is no dearth of evidence showing that hand washing is effective in halting the spread of infections; the problem is that very few people in the health care industry pra ctice hand hygiene in compliance with regulations. Most wash their hands but do so inappropriately, which is useless in itself.While stopping the spread of nosocomial infections is complex, there is no denying the fact that the first line of defense against nosocomial infections is hand hygiene for nurses and doctors. Simple adherence to proper cleaning/disinfecting procedures is all that is needed to prevent needless infections from spreading any further and causing more harm. It is simply a matter of discipline.First do no harm†¦ that is the adage that all health workers swear by. It is ironic that nurses and doctors should also be the main vectors of nosocomial infections. These nosocomial infections are the shame of the healthcare system because it can be prevented with faithful compliance to proper hygiene procedures. The solution lies literally in our hands. If we don’t clean our hands, then it is dirty with the needless suffering and death of patients from nosocom ial infections. Our dirty hands are guilty hands.Works CitedGoldmann, Donald. â€Å"System Failure Versus Personal Accoutability–The Case for Clean Hands. New England Journal of Medicine. 355:121-3. 13 July 2006. 22 May 2007. https://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/355/2/121.pdfCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs).  Ã‚   Retrieved March 17, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/healthDis.htmlDucel, G., et al., eds. Prevention of Hospital Acquired Infections-A Practical Guide. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2002. 21 May 2007.   http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/whocdscsreph200212.pdfGorman, Christine. â€Å"Wash Those Hands† How doctors and nurses can make you sick — and what you can do about it. TIME. 163. 1. 29 March 2004: Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomas Gale. Pasco-Hernando Community College Lib., New Port Richey, FL. 23 May 2007. http://www.time.com/time/magazi ne/article/0,9171,993710,00.htmlâ€Å"Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings† Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. 51. 25. Oct. 2002: 1-44. Boyce, John and Diddier, Pittet. Het.comps Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR. Retrieved on 23 May 2007.   http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5116a1.htmMcCaughey, Betsy. â€Å"Coming Clean. (Editorial Desk) (Hospital Hygiene and Infections).† The New York Times. 6 June 2005: Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomas Gale. Pasco-Hernando Community College Lib., New Port Richey, FL. 23 May 2007. http://hospitalinfection.org/press/060505ny_times.pdf

Microsoft The Monopoly essays

Microsoft The Monopoly essays Is Microsoft a monopoly? There are a lot of operating systems on the market for you to choose from-Windows NT, OS2, Mac OS, Unix and some others. Our experiences with other operating systems have shown us that they are as good as Windows and are Windows-compatible. However, for some reason most large corporations and individuals choose Microsoft as their primary source of software. Microsoft, one of the largest software companies in the world was created by two college dropouts, Bill Grates and Paul Allen. Brilliant marketing and engineering techniques helped bring them to the top of the market world. They went from a simple software company to what is now arguably the most successful computer company in the world. Because of their huge success their company grew into what some people consider to be a monopoly. A monopoly is defined as a market structure characterized by a single supplier of a good or service for which there is no close substitute. Microsoft grew in popularity because of its advanced technology and easy use. Businesses started buying and using these programs and the general public wanted the same technology at home as they had at work. People were beginning to be taught Microsoft at school so it was easier for them to use it instead of learning a different program. Before long everyone was using Microsoft. Society was satisfied with Microsoft until they lost control and Microsoft began to control the market price. Though it is considered a monopoly it is a very different kind of monopoly then those in the past. Most monopolies have bought out their competition while Microsoft just dominates the market. Other monopolies have been their own suppliers of resources but Microsoft only controls one area of the production of their product. One example of a true monopoly was when John D. Rockafeller started Standard Oil and took over all aspects of the oil industry by purposely lo ...

buy custom North Carolina Colleges essay

buy custom North Carolina Colleges essay North Carolina minority male mentoring program is a program designed to support the ambitions of minority male in North Carolina colleges. It supports the minority individuals who include blacks, Alaskan natives, Hispanic, American Indians, Mexican, Cuban and any other group labeled as a minority group to help them achieve educational and professional ambitions. So as to reach out to its target group most effectively, the program coordinators must identify the individuals it wants to reach and design methods to effectively mentor them. The mentoring program wants to reach the minority males in North Carolina. The first step is to find out the population of minority males in the geographical area. It should first identify the exact population of the minority groups in the area it wants to cover and then survey them to find out how many require their assistance and how best they can change them through their programs. The aim of the mentoring program is to promote educational and professional opportunities for the minority groups. Its target group should, therefore, be males in minority groups between the age of 18 and 49. After identifying the exact number of male minority individuals, the next step is designing programs that will best promote the ambitions and dreams. The organization can identify the needs of their target groups through sampling techniques such as interviews and questionnaires. The program should identify the needs of their target groups. The needs of most minority groups in North Carolina are mostly financial constraints, low self esteem, drug and substance abuse, and lack of access to facilities and infrastructure. To get access to this information, the mentoring program can carry a census needs assessment of the whole target population, or it can pick a representative sample. Sampling will be cheaper compared to a census, considering the meager resources of the program. They will administer questionnaires to he sample touching on the critical areas. The questionnaires will attempt to collect information that will design programs that best suit its target population. The questions in the questionnaire could touch on their needs and how best they can be helped to achieve their educational and professional ambitions. The mentoring program must portray an image of a program that aims at supporting the minority groups in achievement of their educational and professional goals. The program can best attain this image by reaching out to the target population with success stories of people who have successfully used the program. Through these success stories and by disseminating of information to the target population, they will be able to achieve its mandate. The next step is to identify a strategy that can best reach the target population. They will identify the geographical areas that the minority groups live. The community colleges can be used to reach out to the population; for example, the colleges that the program uses to reach out to the target individuals are Durham, Mitchell, Johnston, and many others that are within the state. The colleges are to provide mentoring programmes to the students within the campuses and also within the community around it. The program can also identify the geographical locations of the target individuals. They can use available data, such as the 2010 United States national census, to source their information. The census results revealed that there were 2,048,648 blacks, 800,081 Latinos, 120,678 Alaskans and other minority groups in North Carolina. They can use this information to design a program to reach their target population. They can also use functions such as social events to best pass the information to the intended groups. The colleges which help to run the program should put in place the following strategies to ensure the success of the program. First, they should form partnerships with the llocal community based colleges to help them identify targeted individuals for the program. They should also improve the college experiences of those who join the program and the general student population. Through improving the college experiences, they will be able to attract new entrants into the program. Another step is to improve the monitoring of the program. They should design the program well to ensure that the participants of the mentoring program get the best out of it. The program should estimate the cost of reaching out to the community since it runs on meager donations from state offices. The methods used to reach out to the targeted individuals should be within the budget, but it should also attain its objective. The methods which the program can use to reach out to its target population are: establishing mentoring offices in the residential areas of the minority groups, initiating sensitization campaigns as well as partnerships with community colleges and institutions in areas where the marginalized communities live. The program will strive to maintain a high standard, as other potential targets may be unwilling to join if they find no reason to do so. They will employ qualified individuals to ensure the success of the program. They will pass the success stories to the communities at large to maintain their reputation. Lastly, the program will carry out an analysis of the process in the organization. It will carry out an analysis on areas from the strategies put in place to identify potential individuals for the program as well as the participation, graduation and satisfaction rates. It will identify the individual minority groups that are most receptive to the program and ways in which they can improve the experience for them. They will also identify those individuals who have been unresponsive to the program and adjust the system to accommodate them. Continuous monitoring and improvement in policy and procedure is crucial. Buy custom North Carolina Colleges essay

Judges of colorado state Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judges of colorado state - Essay Example This is a tax policy change resulting in a net returns gain in which, according to the Constitution, voters should approve (Arnold 2). In 1988, the legislature codified the judicial routine commission notion. The legislation formed a statewide commission on judicial performance. This commission oversees the appraisal of county and district court trial judges and assesses the appellate court judges. Due to the formation of this commission, it is likely that some of the judges of the Colorado state will be re-elected. This will be highly based on their performance during their service (Jean 2). The commission follow a certain procedure in assessing judges: reliability; awareness and understanding of substantive, ceremonial, and evidentiary law; communication skills; grounding, consideration, and control over judicial procedures; sentencing practices; docket administration and timely case disposition; managerial skills; regularity; efficiency in working with participants in the judicial procedure; and service to the legal occupation and the public. Based on the above criteria, most of the Colorado judges should not be re-elected. This is highly because these judges do not adhere to the above qualities (Jean 3). The court of Colorado committed further constitutional contraventions, which included assaults on property rights, gun rights, and capsized the death punishment for a convicted hijacker, rapist or murderer since a pair of jurors was suspected to have quoted biblical lines in sentencing discussions (Arnold 3). The Supreme Court has evaluated heavily, essential constitutional issues for instance taxes, schools, and the appropriate function for courts in the last few years. The court has produced contentious written verdicts on these and other concerns that affect Colorado citizens. Voters in Colorado are going to wish for

Policy on Refunds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy on Refunds - Research Paper Example This should be balanced however with business pragmatism so that the number of refunds will not take its toll on the business bottom line. Before refunding the customer, the business should attempt to replace or repair the unit to keep the sale. If this is unavoidable, the following criteria should be met as a policy; 1. The unit broke down within the manufacturer’s warranty period. It should be established that the malfunction was due to normal use. A brief inquiry as to the circumstance why the unit broke down should be conducted by the frontliners. 2. In cases where customers’ merely had a change of heart with regard to the purchase, there will no refund. If the products are faulty, we will meet our obligations under the Consumer Guarantees Act to provide a remedy. To save the sale, a replacement with an extended warranty can be offered to the customer. 3. The business should not bear the cost for the faulty unit as we are mere dealers. All cost with units that has been refunded due to manufacturer’s defect and within warranty should be passed on to the supplier for refund. B. If the business is in the service sector, prepare a policy on how you will charge your clients. Ensure that the policy complies with all relevant legislation and provides for a clear explanation of the service being offered. Include the terms and conditions that will apply to estimates and quotes and make provision for some system of arbitration in case of a dispute. To keep customer’s goodwill and establish a â€Å"service leader† image among our customers, units which are faulty that are within the manufacturer’s warranty should be replaced without cost and inconvenience to the customers. The business however should be careful that the manufacturer’s criteria for replacement are strictly met so that we can pass the cost to them. For units that malfunctioned beyond the manufacturer’s warranty period, could be repaired by our service business unit at a discount to encourage customer retention and cultivate customer goodwill. This will also incre ase our bottom line as the company can still make business for an after sales support that is not covered by the manufacturer. As much as possible, we will avoid absorbing the costs due to refunds as this will burden our expenditures and undermine our competitiveness. It has to be understood that at this point in time, the business is still in its introductory phase and it will be unwise to jack up prices to factor in costs associated with refunds. The business is still in the process of penetrating the market and it has direct competitors with the same product and as such, pricing should be kept to be competitive to remain viable in the industry. C. A breakdown of all the costs that you will incur in acquiring or manufacturing your products or developing your services up to the point of sale (you may, if you wish, focus on one product or service). The costs should be inclusive, including all materials, labour, administration, insurances, rental, electricity, promotion and other exp enses. The nature of the business is retail so the manufacturing overheads will not reflect in our financial statements. Freight and delivery should be shouldered by the supplier also. Our overhead will mainly focus on the operation of the product distribution and upkeep of the outlet